Geological and Earth Sciences/Geosciences programs

CIP 4006 · Physical Sciences · ranked by median earnings four years after completion

145 institutions report graduate earnings for Geological and Earth Sciences/Geosciences programs (College Scorecard, 2024-25). Across them the median is $62,043 four years after completion, with a typical debt-to-earnings ratio of 0.35× and 85% of graduates earning above the federal earnings threshold. Indicatively, 2 of the 156 programs with both earnings and a benchmark fall below the earnings-premium benchmark used by the 2025 federal test (effective July 1, 2026); the rest clear it.

National ranking

#	Institution	Earn 4yr	% > threshold	Median debt	Debt/earn	Earnings premium	2 of 3 yrs
1	University of Oklahoma-Norman CampusOK · Master's	$164,523 n=16	89% 1yr	—	—	Above +202%	—
2	Stanford UniversityCA · Doctoral	$120,024 n=19	—	—	—	Above +59%	—
3	University of HoustonTX · Master's	$110,277 n=28	95% 5yr	$34,875	0.32×	Above +68%	Clears 2/2
4	Colorado School of MinesCO · Master's	$109,407 n=22	93% 5yr	$37,977	0.35×	Above +62%	Clears 2/2
5	University of Louisiana at LafayetteLA · Master's	$106,248 n=25	84% 1yr	$20,500	0.19×	Above +85%	—
6	University of California-San DiegoCA · Doctoral	$100,332 n=19	100% 1yr	—	—	Above +33%	—
7	The University of Texas at El PasoTX · Master's	$99,705 n=16	—	—	—	Above +52%	—
8	Oregon State UniversityOR · Doctoral	$97,886 n=19	—	—	—	Above +58%	—
9	Oregon State University-Cascades CampusOR · Doctoral	$97,886 n=19	—	—	—	Above +58%	—
10	California State University-FresnoCA · Master's	$97,545 n=16	95% 1yr	—	—	Above +30%	—
11	Texas A&M University-College StationTX · Master's	$96,433 n=40	96% 5yr	$32,799	0.34×	Above +47%	—
12	The University of Texas at AustinTX · Doctoral	$92,982 n=16	—	—	—	Above +42%	Clears 2/2
13	Montana Technological UniversityMT · Master's	$91,662 n=16	—	—	—	Above +83%	—
14	Mississippi State UniversityMS · Master's	$86,410 n=62	92% 5yr	$29,609	0.34×	Above +72%	Below 1/2
15	University of Oklahoma-Norman CampusOK · Bachelor's	$85,207 n=21	—	$27,000	0.32×	Above +141%	—
16	University of North Carolina WilmingtonNC · Master's	$84,961 n=16	—	—	—	Above +45%	—
17	University of Rhode IslandRI · Master's	$83,661 n=16	—	—	—	Above +27%	—
18	The University of Texas at AustinTX · Bachelor's	$83,481 n=49	82% 5yr	$16,993	0.20×	Above +133%	Clears 2/2
19	Pennsylvania State University-Main CampusPA · Bachelor's	$81,092 n=135	100%	$25,648	0.32×	Above +115%	Clears 2/2
20	Pennsylvania State University-Penn State BeaverPA · Bachelor's	$81,092 n=135	100%	$25,648	0.32×	Above +115%	—
21	Pennsylvania State University-World CampusPA · Bachelor's	$81,092 n=135	100%	$25,648	0.32×	Above +115%	Clears 2/2
22	University of California-Los AngelesCA · Bachelor's	$79,143 n=18	—	$15,750	0.20×	Above +106%	—
23	Western Kentucky UniversityKY · UG cert	$76,463 n=17	—	—	—	Above +120%	—
24	Texas A&M University-College StationTX · Bachelor's	$74,594 n=136	92% 5yr	$18,686	0.25×	Above +109%	Clears 2/2
25	Texas Tech UniversityTX · Bachelor's	$74,591 n=62	96% 5yr	$25,250	0.34×	Above +109%	Clears 2/2
26	Georgia State UniversityGA · Master's	$74,484 n=19	83% 1yr	—	—	Above +18%	—
27	San Diego State UniversityCA · Bachelor's	$73,647 n=34	67% 1yr	$21,500	0.29×	Above +92%	—
28	Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical CollegeLA · Master's	$73,636 n=17	—	—	—	Above +28%	—
29	California State University-SacramentoCA · Bachelor's	$73,418 n=32	100% 5yr	$15,000	0.20×	Above +91%	Clears 2/2
30	University of California-DavisCA · Bachelor's	$73,337 n=33	100% 5yr	$16,000	0.22×	Above +91%	Clears 2/2
31	California State Polytechnic University-PomonaCA · Bachelor's	$73,305 n=25	79% 1yr	$19,375	0.26×	Above +91%	—
32	Lehigh UniversityPA · Bachelor's	$72,978 n=18	100% 5yr	$19,707	0.27×	Above +94%	—
33	Colorado State University-Fort CollinsCO · Bachelor's	$71,631 n=45	85% 5yr	$22,250	0.31×	Above +72%	Clears 2/2
34	University of California-IrvineCA · Bachelor's	$70,820 n=36	93% 5yr	$14,916	0.21×	Above +84%	Clears 2/2
35	University of South Carolina-ColumbiaSC · Bachelor's	$70,284 n=19	82% 1yr	$23,250	0.33×	Above +104%	—
36	Rutgers University-New BrunswickNJ · Bachelor's	$70,106 n=16	73% 1yr	$24,068	0.34×	Above +76%	—
37	Rutgers University-NewarkNJ · Bachelor's	$70,106 n=16	73% 1yr	$24,068	0.34×	Above +76%	—
38	California State University-BakersfieldCA · Bachelor's	$69,989 n=34	—	—	—	Above +82%	—
39	University of FloridaFL · Bachelor's	$69,943 n=27	75% 5yr	$19,737	0.28×	Above +107%	Clears 2/2
40	University of Florida-OnlineFL · Bachelor's	$69,943 n=27	75% 5yr	$19,737	0.28×	Above +107%	Clears 2/2
41	University of ConnecticutCT · Bachelor's	$69,610 n=16	—	$23,000	0.33×	Above +65%	—
42	University of Connecticut-Avery PointCT · Bachelor's	$69,610 n=16	—	$23,000	0.33×	Above +65%	—
43	University of Connecticut-Hartford CampusCT · Bachelor's	$69,610 n=16	—	$23,000	0.33×	Above +65%	—
44	University of Connecticut-StamfordCT · Bachelor's	$69,610 n=16	—	$23,000	0.33×	Above +65%	—
45	University of Connecticut-Waterbury CampusCT · Bachelor's	$69,610 n=16	—	$23,000	0.33×	Above +65%	—
46	California Polytechnic State University-San Luis ObispoCA · Bachelor's	$69,227 n=45	81% 1yr	$15,000	0.22×	Above +80%	—
47	University of WyomingWY · Bachelor's	$68,883 n=49	86% 5yr	$18,960	0.28×	Above +71%	Clears 2/2
48	University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignIL · Bachelor's	$68,201 n=23	85% 1yr	$21,875	0.32×	Above +81%	Clears 2/2
49	University of HoustonTX · Bachelor's	$68,127 n=61	84% 5yr	$24,875	0.36×	Above +91%	Clears 2/2
50	Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical CollegeLA · Bachelor's	$67,493 n=65	88% 5yr	$19,500	0.29×	Above +94%	Clears 2/2
51	Western Washington UniversityWA · Bachelor's	$67,208 n=60	80%	$22,969	0.34×	Above +58%	Clears 2/2
52	Ohio University-Chillicothe CampusOH · Bachelor's	$66,922 n=32	60% 1yr	$18,500	0.28×	Above +82%	—
53	Ohio University-Eastern CampusOH · Bachelor's	$66,922 n=32	60% 1yr	$18,500	0.28×	Above +82%	—
54	Ohio University-Main CampusOH · Bachelor's	$66,922 n=32	60% 1yr	$18,500	0.28×	Above +82%	—
55	Ohio University-Zanesville CampusOH · Bachelor's	$66,922 n=32	60% 1yr	$18,500	0.28×	Above +82%	—
56	University of Washington-Bothell CampusWA · Bachelor's	$66,845 n=62	84% 5yr	$19,000	0.28×	Above +57%	Clears 2/2
57	University of Washington-Seattle CampusWA · Bachelor's	$66,845 n=62	84% 5yr	$19,000	0.28×	Above +57%	Clears 2/2
58	West Virginia UniversityWV · Bachelor's	$66,798 n=70	90% 5yr	$22,719	0.34×	Above +90%	Clears 2/2
59	University of California-Santa BarbaraCA · Bachelor's	$66,788 n=41	86% 5yr	$16,298	0.24×	Above +74%	—
60	Florida State UniversityFL · Bachelor's	$66,157 n=18	94% 5yr	$18,500	0.28×	Above +96%	—
61	University of Southern MississippiMS · Bachelor's	$66,142 n=20	—	—	—	Above +101%	—
62	Montclair State UniversityNJ · Bachelor's	$65,826 n=27	80% 1yr	$21,750	0.33×	Above +65%	—
63	The University of Texas at ArlingtonTX · Bachelor's	$65,294 n=31	76% 5yr	$25,000	0.38×	Above +83%	Clears 2/2
64	Iowa State UniversityIA · Bachelor's	$65,204 n=18	—	$24,781	0.38×	Above +69%	—
65	State University of New York at OswegoNY · Bachelor's	$64,634 n=19	—	$27,000	0.42×	Above +70%	—
66	University of California-Santa CruzCA · Bachelor's	$64,499 n=32	86% 5yr	$20,833	0.32×	Above +68%	Clears 2/2
67	SUNY OneontaNY · Bachelor's	$64,410 n=18	85% 5yr	$22,157	0.34×	Above +69%	Clears 2/2
68	College of CharlestonSC · Bachelor's	$63,993 n=32	95% 5yr	$22,659	0.35×	Above +86%	Clears 2/2
69	The University of Texas at DallasTX · Master's	$63,901 n=17	—	—	—	Below -3%	—
70	University of Minnesota-DuluthMN · Bachelor's	$63,893 n=19	—	$27,219	0.43×	Above +60%	—
71	University of Wisconsin-MilwaukeeWI · Bachelor's	$63,838 n=33	83% 1yr	$26,500	0.41×	Above +64%	Clears 2/2
72	Eastern Connecticut State UniversityCT · Bachelor's	$63,566 n=27	91% 5yr	$24,124	0.38×	Above +51%	Clears 2/2
73	University of ArizonaAZ · Bachelor's	$63,387 n=20	86% 5yr	$24,250	0.38×	Above +72%	Clears 2/2
74	Auburn UniversityAL · Bachelor's	$63,298 n=19	—	$26,000	0.41×	Above +84%	—
75	University of UtahUT · Bachelor's	$62,867 n=18	—	$18,500	0.29×	Above +58%	—
76	Michigan State UniversityMI · Bachelor's	$62,448 n=40	90% 5yr	$28,869	0.46×	Above +78%	Clears 2/2
77	Southern New Hampshire UniversityNH · Bachelor's	$62,360 n=61	71% 1yr	$20,875	0.34×	Above +41%	—
78	Mississippi State UniversityMS · Bachelor's	$62,082 n=76	85% 5yr	$21,500	0.35×	Above +88%	Clears 2/2
79	SUNY College at PotsdamNY · Bachelor's	$62,004 n=18	—	$22,170	0.36×	Above +63%	—
80	Grand Valley State UniversityMI · Bachelor's	$61,868 n=24	63% 1yr	$27,000	0.44×	Above +77%	—
81	University of KansasKS · Bachelor's	$61,838 n=19	—	$26,469	0.43×	Above +70%	—
82	University of South AlabamaAL · Bachelor's	$61,632 n=22	—	—	—	Above +79%	—
83	University of Illinois ChicagoIL · Bachelor's	$61,206 n=31	71% 1yr	$21,500	0.35×	Above +62%	—
84	North Carolina State University at RaleighNC · Bachelor's	$61,023 n=41	49% 1yr	$20,029	0.33×	Above +78%	Clears 2/2
85	University of Michigan-Ann ArborMI · Bachelor's	$60,949 n=34	86% 5yr	$17,875	0.29×	Above +74%	Clears 2/2
86	University of Minnesota-Twin CitiesMN · Bachelor's	$60,715 n=22	76% 1yr	$21,000	0.35×	Above +52%	Clears 2/2
87	University of South FloridaFL · Bachelor's	$60,472 n=39	83% 5yr	$24,405	0.40×	Above +79%	Clears 2/2
88	University of Colorado BoulderCO · Bachelor's	$60,453 n=42	90% 5yr	$19,500	0.32×	Above +45%	Clears 2/2
89	University of North Carolina WilmingtonNC · Bachelor's	$60,414 n=34	81% 5yr	$22,995	0.38×	Above +76%	Clears 2/2
90	Northern Arizona UniversityAZ · Bachelor's	$60,402 n=27	84% 5yr	$21,251	0.35×	Above +64%	Clears 2/2
91	University of West GeorgiaGA · Bachelor's	$60,355 n=20	—	$22,054	0.36×	Above +71%	Clears 2/2
92	Commonwealth University of PennsylvaniaPA · Bachelor's	$60,075 n=94	84% 5yr	$27,000	0.45×	Above +59%	—
93	State University of New York at CortlandNY · Bachelor's	$60,027 n=17	—	—	—	Above +58%	—
94	Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityVA · Bachelor's	$59,969 n=19	—	$30,062	0.50×	Above +58%	—
95	University at BuffaloNY · Bachelor's	$59,841 n=76	85% 5yr	$19,750	0.33×	Above +57%	Clears 2/2
96	University of California-RiversideCA · Bachelor's	$59,677 n=16	—	—	—	Above +55%	—
97	Miami University-OxfordOH · Bachelor's	$59,558 n=36	95% 5yr	$19,500	0.33×	Above +62%	Clears 2/2
98	Salem State UniversityMA · Bachelor's	$59,424 n=17	—	$27,000	0.45×	Above +37%	—
99	Missouri University of Science and TechnologyMO · Bachelor's	$59,252 n=17	—	$21,521	0.36×	Above +66%	—
100	California State University-FullertonCA · Bachelor's	$58,891 n=33	96% 5yr	$16,625	0.28×	Above +53%	Clears 2/2
101	The University of Texas at DallasTX · Bachelor's	$58,840 n=17	—	$25,500	0.43×	Above +65%	—
102	University of Wisconsin-MadisonWI · Bachelor's	$58,771 n=20	91% 5yr	$24,250	0.41×	Above +51%	Clears 2/2
103	Pacific Lutheran UniversityWA · Bachelor's	$58,472 n=17	90% 5yr	$26,550	0.45×	Above +37%	Clears 2/2
104	Western Michigan UniversityMI · Bachelor's	$58,164 n=21	—	$25,227	0.43×	Above +66%	—
105	University of New Hampshire-Main CampusNH · Bachelor's	$58,045 n=20	—	—	—	Above +31%	—
106	University of Northern ColoradoCO · Bachelor's	$57,989 n=23	85% 1yr	$24,121	0.42×	Above +39%	Clears 2/2
107	Portland State UniversityOR · Bachelor's	$57,932 n=24	89% 5yr	$21,253	0.37×	Above +58%	Clears 2/2
108	University of Houston-DowntownTX · Bachelor's	$57,892 n=28	—	$18,529	0.32×	Above +62%	—
109	Pennsylvania Western UniversityPA · Bachelor's	$57,549 n=41	84% 5yr	—	—	Above +53%	—
110	The University of Texas at San AntonioTX · Bachelor's	$57,540 n=36	87% 5yr	$18,500	0.32×	Above +61%	Clears 2/2
111	University of Pittsburgh-BradfordPA · Bachelor's	$57,456 n=122	64%	$25,000	0.43×	Above +52%	Clears 2/2
112	University of Pittsburgh-JohnstownPA · Bachelor's	$57,456 n=122	64%	$25,000	0.43×	Above +52%	Clears 2/2
113	University of Pittsburgh-Pittsburgh CampusPA · Bachelor's	$57,456 n=122	64%	$25,000	0.43×	Above +52%	Clears 2/2
114	Central Michigan UniversityMI · Bachelor's	$57,438 n=16	—	$31,000	0.54×	Above +64%	Clears 2/2
115	Wayne State UniversityMI · Bachelor's	$57,203 n=24	—	$31,000	0.54×	Above +63%	Clears 2/2
116	Lake Superior State UniversityMI · Bachelor's	$56,905 n=18	—	$22,265	0.39×	Above +62%	—
117	University of Wisconsin-Eau ClaireWI · Bachelor's	$56,739 n=32	82% 5yr	$21,000	0.37×	Above +46%	Clears 2/2
118	Middle Tennessee State UniversityTN · Bachelor's	$56,405 n=28	84% 5yr	$25,789	0.46×	Above +61%	Clears 2/2
119	Slippery Rock University of PennsylvaniaPA · Bachelor's	$56,402 n=33	91% 5yr	$25,875	0.46×	Above +50%	Clears 2/2
120	Indiana University of Pennsylvania-Main CampusPA · Bachelor's	$56,380 n=19	—	$21,779	0.39×	Above +50%	Clears 2/2
121	Fort Lewis CollegeCO · Bachelor's	$56,304 n=20	83% 5yr	$19,250	0.34×	Above +35%	Clears 2/2
122	Old Dominion UniversityVA · Bachelor's	$56,255 n=20	—	—	—	Above +48%	—
123	Sam Houston State UniversityTX · Bachelor's	$55,954 n=18	87% 5yr	$18,375	0.33×	Above +57%	Clears 2/2
124	SUNY College at GeneseoNY · Bachelor's	$55,018 n=26	—	$22,287	0.41×	Above +45%	—
125	Boise State UniversityID · Bachelor's	$53,995 n=29	96% 5yr	$25,360	0.47×	Above +52%	Clears 2/2
126	Central Washington UniversityWA · Bachelor's	$53,987 n=17	94% 5yr	$21,884	0.41×	Above +27%	Clears 2/2
127	Binghamton UniversityNY · Bachelor's	$53,761 n=17	—	—	—	Above +41%	—
128	University of Akron Main CampusOH · Bachelor's	$53,594 n=36	79% 5yr	$24,000	0.45×	Above +46%	Clears 2/2
129	Tennessee Technological UniversityTN · Bachelor's	$53,479 n=18	—	$25,000	0.47×	Above +53%	—
130	George Mason UniversityVA · Bachelor's	$53,441 n=20	—	$15,176	0.28×	Above +41%	—
131	Ohio State University-Main CampusOH · Bachelor's	$53,381 n=28	89% 5yr	$25,000	0.47×	Above +45%	Clears 2/2
132	California State Polytechnic University-HumboldtCA · Bachelor's	$53,371 n=41	86% 5yr	$19,940	0.37×	Above +39%	Clears 2/2
133	Illinois State UniversityIL · Bachelor's	$53,272 n=16	—	$19,875	0.37×	Above +41%	—
134	Appalachian State UniversityNC · Bachelor's	$53,269 n=33	100% 5yr	$22,291	0.42×	Above +55%	Clears 2/2
135	University of North Carolina at CharlotteNC · Bachelor's	$53,247 n=73	97% 5yr	$22,980	0.43×	Above +55%	Clears 2/2
136	Kutztown University of PennsylvaniaPA · Bachelor's	$52,378 n=25	—	$25,669	0.49×	Above +39%	Clears 2/2
137	University of Nevada-Las VegasNV · Bachelor's	$52,278 n=40	69% 1yr	$15,000	0.29×	Above +39%	Clears 2/2
138	Bridgewater State UniversityMA · Bachelor's	$52,219 n=24	—	$19,500	0.37×	Above +20%	Below 1/2
139	The University of Texas at El PasoTX · Bachelor's	$52,098 n=16	—	$15,418	0.30×	Above +46%	—
140	University of OregonOR · Bachelor's	$52,007 n=20	—	$26,909	0.52×	Above +42%	—
141	James Madison UniversityVA · Bachelor's	$51,500 n=24	75% 1yr	$21,500	0.42×	Above +35%	Clears 2/2
142	Columbus State UniversityGA · Bachelor's	$50,864 n=19	—	$23,924	0.47×	Above +44%	—
143	Wright State University-Main CampusOH · Bachelor's	$50,824 n=32	88% 5yr	$26,000	0.51×	Above +38%	Clears 2/2
144	The University of Tennessee-KnoxvilleTN · Bachelor's	$50,202 n=31	86% 5yr	$25,000	0.50×	Above +44%	Clears 2/2
145	University of ArkansasAR · Bachelor's	$49,730 n=17	—	$22,500	0.45×	Above +46%	—
146	Montana State UniversityMT · Bachelor's	$49,241 n=40	68%	$20,064	0.41×	Above +42%	Clears 2/2
147	University of New OrleansLA · Bachelor's	$48,987 n=21	67% 5yr	$20,250	0.41×	Above +41%	Clears 2/2
148	Missouri State University-SpringfieldMO · Bachelor's	$48,191 n=32	75% 5yr	$24,984	0.52×	Above +35%	Clears 2/2
149	South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologySD · Bachelor's	$48,069 n=18	—	$28,906	0.60×	Above +30%	—
150	University of Wisconsin-ParksideWI · Bachelor's	$47,123 n=25	—	$21,120	0.45×	Above +21%	—
151	Georgia State UniversityGA · Bachelor's	$47,111 n=46	86% 5yr	$25,000	0.53×	Above +34%	Clears 2/2
152	University of Northern IowaIA · Bachelor's	$46,986 n=17	—	$21,389	0.46×	Above +22%	Clears 2/2
153	Kent State University at KentOH · Bachelor's	$46,171 n=37	76% 5yr	$25,000	0.54×	Above +25%	Clears 2/2
154	Washington State UniversityWA · Bachelor's	$45,002 n=85	95% 5yr	$20,433	0.45×	Above +6%	Clears 2/2
155	University of Rhode IslandRI · Bachelor's	$40,858 n=19	—	$20,000	0.49×	Below -3%	—
156	University of Puerto Rico-MayaguezPR · Bachelor's	$37,839 n=21	—	$9,600	0.25×	Above +130%	—

% > threshold is ED's own share of graduates earning above the federal earnings threshold, taken from the best available measurement window (4-, 5- or 1-year) pooled across all nine College Scorecard Field-of-Study releases; a chip marks any figure not on the 4-year window. Earnings premium compares median earnings four years out to the U.S. Census ACS median for a high-school graduate (undergraduate credentials) or bachelor's-degree holder (graduate credentials) in the institution's state. 2 of 3 yrs flags programs below that benchmark in two of the latest three reported cohort-years — the statutory trigger under the 2025 federal earnings-premium test (effective July 1, 2026). Indicative estimates; the Department of Education's official determination may differ. Figures lag the current year by 2–3 years.

By state — median earnings, 4 yrs out

State	Median earn 4yr	Programs
Oregon	$77,909	4
California	$72,062	16
Louisiana	$70,564	4
New Jersey	$70,106	3
Connecticut	$69,610	6
Texas	$68,127	15
Florida	$68,050	4
Mississippi	$66,142	3
Washington	$62,658	6
Illinois	$61,206	3
Colorado	$60,453	5
North Carolina	$60,414	5
New York	$60,027	7
Ohio	$59,558	9
Michigan	$58,164	7
Wisconsin	$57,755	4
Pennsylvania	$57,502	12
Georgia	$55,610	4
Virginia	$54,848	4
Tennessee	$53,479	3

States with at least 3 reporting Geological and Earth Sciences/Geosciences programs, by median graduate earnings.

Frequently asked

Which colleges have the highest-paying Geological and Earth Sciences/Geosciences programs?

By median earnings four years after completion, the highest-paying Geological and Earth Sciences/Geosciences programs in this dataset are University of Oklahoma-Norman Campus ($164,523), Stanford University ($120,024), University of Houston ($110,277). Earnings reflect College Scorecard field-of-study data (2024-25) and vary by credential level and location.

Are Geological and Earth Sciences/Geosciences programs at risk under the federal earnings-premium test?

Indicatively, 2 of the 156 Geological and Earth Sciences/Geosciences programs with both earnings and a state/national benchmark have median graduate earnings below the earnings-premium benchmark used by the 2025 federal test (effective July 1, 2026), under which a program can lose Title IV eligibility if its graduates earn less than a typical worker without the credential for 2 of 3 years. This estimate uses College Scorecard earnings vs U.S. Census ACS medians; the Department of Education's official determination uses its own cohort definition and may differ.

Track Geological and Earth Sciences/Geosciences programs across your peer set

We build tailored dashboards — the fields, institutions and risk signals your enrollment or program-review team cares about, kept current. Tell us what you'd want to watch.

Request a custom dashboard

Source: U.S. Department of Education — College Scorecard Field of Study, 2014–15 through 2022–23 cohorts plus the most-recent snapshot (2024-25); threshold pass-rates pooled across all nine releases. Earnings-premium benchmarks from the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS). Compiled by Ibex Insights. See the methodology.